Background: Depression poses a significant global public health challenge, affecting millions of people worldwide. The utilization of renewable energy holds potential for improving mental health by reducing air pollution and promoting green spaces. Purpose: This study aims to investigate the impact of renewable energy use on depression, with a focus on its spatial effects and the mediating roles of air pollution reduction and green space expansion. Methods: Data from 181 countries were analyzed using a two-way fixed effects model and the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM). Depression-related metrics, including Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), Age-Standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Years Rate (ASDR), prevalence, and Age-Standardized Prevalence Rate (ASPR), were evaluated. Results: Renewable energy use significantly reduces DALYs, ASDR, prevalence, and ASPR within a country, but it also significantly increases the risk of depression in neighboring countries. The impact of renewable energy on depression varies by gender, age, and SDI level, being more pronounced for males and the 50–74 age group. The effect is significant in high and low SDI countries but not in middle SDI countries, indicating a "middle-income trap." Conclusion: Renewable energy can improve mental health by reducing air pollution and promoting green spaces. However, policymakers need to consider spatial effects and tailor policies accordingly to maximize health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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