*Grey Wolf Optimizer algorithm, *Cost functions, *Computational mathematics, *Heuristic algorithms, *Engineering design, *Particle swarm optimization

Engineering design optimization problems present significant challenges due to the complexity of objective functions, which often involve both continuous and discrete design variables, along with multiple constraints. GWO and PSO are well-known heuristic algorithms with efficient search ability and reasonable execution time. They are often used to solve complex optimization problems, but there are still problems such as premature convergence and limited global search efficiency. To overcome these limitations and enhance solution quality, this study proposes a novel Hybrid Grey Wolf-Particle Swarm Optimization (HGWPSO) algorithm. HGWPSO integrates the exploration ability of GWO with the rapid convergence and exploitation efficiency of PSO. The algorithm's performance is first validated using CEC_2022 benchmark functions and then applied to eight complex engineering design problems, including pressure vessel design, compression spring design, three-bar truss design, gear train design, cantilever beam design, welded beam design, transmission line parameter estimation, and reactive power planning problem. The improvement in the average best optimal value varies across different cases, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method. In Case 1, the improvement is 71.61%, while in Cases 2 and 4 obtained a 99% improvement. Case 3 shows an enhancement of 53.46%, and Case 5 reaches 71.92%, whereas Case 6 also obtained 99%. In Case 7, the improvement depends on the bundle configuration, with two-bundle conductors showing a 76.91% increase, three-bundle conductors achieving 43.94%, and four-bundle conductors reaching 46.57%. Finally, in Case 8, the improvement is 1.02%. The obtained results demonstrate that HGWPSO achieves better performance than other methods in terms of convergence rate, cost function minimization, and constraint handling. This study highlights the effectiveness of HGWPSO as a powerful tool for solving complex engineering design problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Reports is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)