newly increased cultivated land, spatial–temporal pattern, cultivated land vulnerability, food security, rural residential areas, utilization quality, type classification, obstacle factor, rural space commercialization, land use change, drivers, different altitudes, rural revitalization, China, conservation tillage technology, agricultural technology extension, social networks, substitution effect, complementary effect, Chongqing, green development, Theil index, optimal scale regression analysis, GIS, rural development, spatial–temporal divergence, driving factors, Northeast China, farmland fragmentation, spatial–temporal characteristics, Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, Bavaria, digital rural, digital divide, spatial differentiation, Geodetector, urban–rural relationship, urban–rural integrated development, land-use efficiency, coupling coordination relationship, geographic detector, rural homestead consolidation, rural restructuring, 'point-line-surface', rural settlements, mountain area, agglomeration and upgrading village, off-farm work, straw return, PSM, IV-probit model, bivariate probit model, livelihood stability, location advantage, geographic detector model, muti-spatial perspective, the Loess Plateau, government attention, large infrastructure, cultivated-land protection, reservoir area, rural family population aging, farmers’ willingness to withdraw from homestead with compensation, homestead withdrawal compensation preference, cognition of homestead value, mediating effect, water resources, Yanhe watershed, bivariate spatial autocorrelation, spatial pattern evolution, scenario simulation, CLUE-S Model, 'production–living–ecological' functions, vitality, the farming–pastoral ecotone, Tapio decoupling model, comprehensive land consolidation, urban–rural element integration, element flow, driving mechanism, new rural collective economies (NRCE), mountain disasters, resilience, Resilience Index Measurement Analysis (RIMA), land use function, urban–rural integration, coupling, spatial–temporal analysis, land transfer, peasant household, social embeddedness, neighbor behavior, spatial probit model, land transfer-in, crop planting structure, land use optimization, carbon emission, photovoltaic, county-level cities, urbanization, carbon emission intensity, potatoes, poor areas, spatial Durbin model, Engineering: general

Agricultural land provides essential goods and services for human society, and it is the basis for ensuring food security and rural development. Under the background of rapid urbanization, population growth, and climate change, the use of agricultural land has intensified and changed on local, regional, and global scales. Although these changes have met the growing food demand and adjusting dietary structure to some extent, they have also led to negative impacts such as deforestation, wetland reduction, water pollution and shortages, and soil degradation. In addition, the change in agricultural land use is not only a driving factor but also a result of rural development, especially in developing countries. Driven by urbanization and economic development, a large amount of agricultural land has been occupied by urban sprawl and a large number of rural laborers have migrated to cities, resulting in the abandonment of marginal cropland, the non-agricultural and non-grain use of high-quality cropland, as well as crop type changes. Optimizing the trade-offs and synergies between agricultural production, farmers' livelihoods, and ecological protection has become the scientific basis for rural revitalization and sustainable development. Therefore, it is critical to systematically study the changes in agricultural land use and rural development as well as their interaction, providing scientific and practical implications for food security and sustainable rural management.