ObjectiveTo analyze the influence of primary care physicians′ professional identity and job resilience on the construction of learning organizations, and to provide a reference for the reform of primary healthcare supply-side capacity. MethodsFrom August to October 2022, 400 primary care physicians were selected from Yichang in Hubei province, Zhongmu in Henan province, Neijiang in Sichuan province, and Jinan in Shandong province using purposive sampling. Structural equation modeling was constructed using AMOS 28 software to analyze the influencing factors of learning organization construction among primary care physicians. ResultsA total of 387 valid questionnaires were collected from primary care physicians, of which 27.65% (107 individuals) were classified as high-learning primary care physicians. Primary care physicians with senior professional titles (36 individuals), bachelor′s degree or above (212 individuals), monthly income >5 000 yuan (97 individuals), and more than 10 years of working experience (105 individuals) had a higher proportion of high-learning individuals within their respective groups compared to other types, at 36.11%, 29.72%, 31.56%, and 30.48%, respectively, demonstrating stronger active learning awareness and active service behavior. Structural equation analysis showed that primary care physicians′ professional identity and job resilience had direct effects on the construction of learning organizations, with effect values of 0.255 and 0.273, respectively (both P