brain–computer interfaces, hardware and software, mechanism, medical application, progress, Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, RC346-429

Abstract Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) have advanced at a rapid pace in recent years, particularly in the medical domain. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the progress made in medical BCIs during the 2023–2024 period, covering a wide range of topics from invasive to non‐invasive techniques, and from fundamental mechanisms to clinical applications. The 2023–2024 period saw numerous research breakthroughs and clinical applications of BCI technology. As BCI hardware and software continue to evolve, and as the understanding of basic medical principles deepens, the expectation is that innovative BCI inventions will increasingly be introduced in clinical practice. Both invasive and non‐invasive BCI technologies are paving the way for broader clinical applications. It is anticipated that BCI technologies will offer greater hope for disease treatment, provide additional methods of enhancing human bodily functions, and ultimately improve the quality of life.