The cGAS-STING signaling pathway plays a critical role in the immune defense against DNA viruses and in autoimmunity, coordinating a cascade of events that enhance cytokine production, particularly type I interferons. This review summarizes recent advancements in understanding the pathway’s impact on various ocular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, and uveitis. Activation of this pathway by cytoplasmic DNA from either damaged retinal cells or external pathogens induces inflammatory responses that may accelerate disease progression. Moreover, the paper explores new therapeutic approaches that target this pathway, offering insights into how modulation of cGAS-STING signaling could reduce inflammation and improve clinical outcomes. The emerging research in this area suggests potential for innovative treatments in ocular inflammation and degenerative conditions.