The construction of ecological networks and the optimization of ecological spatial layouts are essential for maintaining regional ecological security and promoting sustainable development, especially in high-population-density urban agglomerations. This study employs the Central Plains Urban Agglomeration (CPUA) as a case study to establish an ecological network through a quantitative assessments of land use/cover change (LUCC) and ecosystem service value (ESV), utilizing the morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) methods and tools such as Linkage Mapper to further optimize ecological spatial layouts. The findings reveal the following: (1) The land use structure within the CPUA experienced notable shifts. The magnitude of land use changes ranked as follows: construction land > cultivated land > grassland > waterbody > forest > bare land. (2) The southwestern mountainous and hilly regions, designated as high ESV areas, primarily rely on water conservation and soil retention functions. In contrast, the central and western regions, characterized by low ESVs, are dominated by construction land and cultivated land, and are significantly influenced by urbanization and agricultural activities. (3) An ecological network system was developed based on the region’s natural geographic features, incorporating 20 ecological sources covering approximately 21,434.70 km2, and 36 ecological corridors with a combined length of around 2795.19 km. This network extends in a north–south direction through the central and western parts of the CPUA. (4) Considering the spatial changes in land use/cover and ESVs, an optimized ecological spatial layout of “five belts, six zones, multiple clusters, and corridors” was proposed, along with differentiated restoration strategies tailored to address specific ecological issues in different regions. This study aims to harmonize regional ecological protection with economic development, providing a scientific foundation and valuable reference for ecological conservation and sustainable spatial planning policies.