landscape architecture, spatial syntax, historical landscapes, spatio-temporal landscape, tan kah kee, Architecture, NA1-9428, Building construction, TH1-9745

This study focuses on exploring the spatio-temporal landscape characteristics of China’s Ao Garden in the mid-20th century as well as its historical and cultural values, aiming to explore the restoration methods for specific historical contexts. A historical staging benchmark for restoration is firstly established through a comprehensive analysis of historical literature and on-site research. Second, This study uses graphic and syntactic analysis to simulate the spatial characteristics and historical usage status of Ao Garden. It then identifies key historical spaces and landscape nodes for restoration. Finally, This study proposes a corresponding technology framework for spatio-temporal landscape restoration. Research has found that the 1960s were a typical period for the spatio-temporal landscape of Ao Garden. At that time, Ao Garden could fully reflect Tan Kah Kee’s (Chen Jiageng, 1874‒1961) design intentions, meet the needs and expectations of tourists for sightseeing. This study not only affirms the current good status of the heritage protection of Ao Garden, but emphasizes the importance of missing landscape details. This study provides a scientific strategy for the restoration of the spatio-temporal landscape of Ao Garden, and also provides important experience and reference for the protection of similar cultural heritage.