Gauge Symmetry, Integrable Field Theories, Lattice Integrable Models, Wilson, ’t Hooft and Polyakov loops, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798

Abstract We study ’t Hooft lines in four-dimensional holomorphic-topological Chern-Simons theory. We relate them to Q-operators in the theory of integrable systems. We give a physical interpretation of the fundamental TQ and QQ relations satisfied by Q-operators and conventional transfer matrices.