BackgroundThe health care system in China is fragmented, and the distribution of high-quality resources remains uneven and irrational. Information sharing is essential to the development of an integrated health care system and maximizing its benefits. Nevertheless, data sharing raises concerns regarding the privacy and confidentiality of personal health information, which affect the willingness of patients to share information. ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate patients’ willingness to share personal health data at different levels of maternal and child specialized hospitals in China, to propose and test a conceptual model to identify key influencing factors, and to provide countermeasures and suggestions to improve the level of data sharing. MethodsA research framework based on the Theory of Privacy Calculus and the Theory of Planned Behavior was developed and empirically tested through a cross-sectional field survey from September 2022 to October 2022 in the Yangtze River Delta region, China. A 33-item measurement instrument was developed. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression analyses were conducted to characterize the willingness of sharing personal health data and differences by sociodemographic factors. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the reliability and validity of the measurement as well as to test the research hypotheses. The STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) checklist for cross-sectional studies was applied for reporting results. ResultsThe empirical framework had a good fit with the chi-square/degree of freedom (χ2/df)=2.637, root-mean-square residual=0.032, root-mean-square error of approximation=0.048, goodness-of-fit index=0.950, and normed fit index=0.955. A total of 2060 completed questionnaires were received (response rate: 2060/2400, 85.83%). Moral motive (β=.803, P