Wearable fabric, Urinary incontinence, Urinary volume monitoring, Urination frequency, Resistance method, Capacitance method, Medicine, Science

Abstract Urine leakage volume is an important indicator reflecting the severity of incontinence in patients. Currently, there are limited smart diapers capable of continuous dynamic monitoring of urine volume. This study developed two types of urine volume sensors, resistive and capacitive, which were integrated with traditional diapers to assess urine leakage levels: mild leakage (0–5 mL), moderate leakage (6–12 mL), and severe leakage (above 12 mL). Three patterns of resistive urine volume sensors were designed, and the results showed that the A pattern could accurately determine urine volume and frequency levels. Additionally, three electrode spacing designs were tested for the capacitive urine volume sensors. The results indicated that the sensor with a 1 cm electrode spacing could determine the urine volume range, with each 1 mL increase in urine causing a capacitance rise of approximately 1.5–1.8 pF, with an error of about ± 0.5 mL per increment. Both resistive and capacitive methods showed high accuracy in monitoring urine volume and frequency. This study validated the feasibility of smart flexible fabric sensors in detecting urine volume and frequency, providing a potential solution for better assessing and managing the condition of incontinence patients.